[ Instrument Network Instrument R & D ] X-ray is a particle flow caused by the transition of electrons in atoms between two energy levels with very different energies. It is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength between ultraviolet and gamma rays. Its wavelength is very short between about 0.01 and 100 angstroms. Discovered by German physicist WK Roentgen in 1895, it is also called Roentgen ray.
It is reported that the research group of the researcher Li Bin of the Shanghai Institutes of Advanced Technology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences uses single-cycle terahertz field modulation to measure and restore ultrafast X-ray pulses, and proposed the full momentum of the ultrafast X-ray pulse-excited gas photoelectron wave packet modulated by the terahertz field The model can accurately measure the time-domain information of XFEL radiation pulses.
X-ray free electron laser (XFEL) is an ultra-fast X-ray light source with short radiation pulses (femtoseconds to hundreds of femtoseconds), high photon flux, good spatiotemporal coherence, and tunable wavelengths. The high-power femtosecond pulses in the extreme ultraviolet to X-ray bands have the characteristics of short radiation wavelengths and short radiation pulses, making them ideal light sources for time-resolved experiments.
Accurate measurement of XFEL radiation pulse width and time domain information is an important prerequisite for cutting-edge research on XFEL light sources, and an important basis for obtaining and analyzing the most realistic experimental data. The fringe camera technology can measure the radiation pulse width. However, the world's most advanced commercial fringe camera can only achieve time resolution of a few hundred femtoseconds. It cannot accurately measure XFEL radiation pulses with pulse widths of only a few femtoseconds to tens of femtoseconds.
In addition, the ultra-fast X-ray pulse recovery method can accurately measure XFEL pulse widths from several femtoseconds to hundreds of femtoseconds. Next, the research group will develop advanced XFEL radiation pulse online diagnostic technology equipment, provide technical parameters for machine debugging and optimization, and provide single-shot XFEL radiation pulse information for the majority of scientific experiment users.
When the zero center delay of the pulse center relative to the terahertz vector potential is zero, the result of the model restoration is the most accurate. The larger the zero center delay of the pulse center relative to the terahertz vector potential center, the larger the restored pulse width error. In addition, the shorter the XFEL's own pulse width, the more significant the effect of deviating from the terahertz vector zero.
Cobalt Alloy Powder
Cobalt-based alloy powders are commonly used in laser cladding processes due to their excellent wear resistance, high temperature strength, and corrosion resistance. These alloys typically contain varying amounts of cobalt, chromium, tungsten, and nickel, among other elements, to achieve specific properties.
The laser cladding process involves melting the cobalt-based alloy powder using a high-energy laser beam and depositing it onto a substrate to form a protective coating. This coating helps to enhance the surface properties of the substrate, such as hardness, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance.
Some common cobalt-based alloy powders used in laser cladding include:
1. Stellite: This is a well-known cobalt-chromium-tungsten alloy that offers excellent wear and corrosion resistance. It is often used in applications where high temperatures and abrasive environments are present, such as in oil and gas drilling tools, valves, and pump components.
2. Tribaloy: Tribaloy alloys are cobalt-based alloys that contain varying amounts of chromium, molybdenum, and silicon. They are known for their exceptional high-temperature strength and resistance to galling, making them suitable for applications in the aerospace, petrochemical, and power generation industries.
3. Haynes alloys: Haynes alloys are nickel-cobalt-chromium-molybdenum alloys that offer excellent high-temperature strength, oxidation resistance, and corrosion resistance. They are commonly used in applications where extreme heat and corrosive environments are present, such as in gas turbines and chemical processing equipment.
These cobalt-based alloy powders are available in various particle sizes and can be tailored to meet specific application requirements. They can be used with different laser cladding techniques, such as powder-fed laser cladding or blown powder laser cladding, depending on the desired coating thickness and properties.
Overall, cobalt-based alloy powders for laser cladding provide enhanced surface properties and improved performa
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