1 cement filling mining technology with the improvement of the mining and filling process, the production equipment is matched and formed, and various cementing filling mining methods suitable for different mining conditions, such as layered filling method, segmented filling method and stage filling method, etc. The advantages of high recovery rate and low depletion rate increase the output of the stope and labor productivity, and the application prospects are increasingly widespread. Currently, it is promoted from nonferrous metals, iron ore to gold mines, such as the White Elephant iron ore, Knopp iron ore, iron ore and other grass floor is designed with filling mining method.
1.1 High-level stratified filling mining technology in the panel The stratified height of the traditional stratified filling mining process is generally about 2~3m, and the production capacity and production efficiency are low. Mechanized lead zinc ore Fankou panel high layer filling method, ore body is arranged along the panel (see FIG. 1), the disc area is divided stope, pillar. The first step is to return to the mining room. After the mining, the tailings are cemented and filled; the second step is to return to the mining column, and the tailings are filled after mining. The stratification height of the stope reaches 4.5~5m, using the up-drilling mining technology, one-time blasting and interface-controlled blasting technology in the stratified stope, and the large-scale trackless mechanization supporting operation from rock drilling to ore mining to realize stratified filling mining The law concentrates on strengthening mining, and the production capacity of the standard panel (3 stopries) reaches 840t/d, which significantly improves production capacity and production efficiency.
1.2 point column filling mining technology The point column filling mining method is essentially a combination of the room column mining method and the filling mining method, and has the advantages of large capacity of the room and column method and effective control of the ground pressure by the filling method. It is mainly suitable for gently inclined or inclined thick ore bodies with thickness greater than 8m. The mine requires a large production scale, the ore value is low or the grade is relatively low, and the two-step mining column can be avoided.
The Sanshandao Gold Mine is surrounded by the sea on three sides, and the ore body is only 100m offshore. The point-column filling mining method is equipped with trackless mechanized supporting equipment, and the stope is arranged along the strike, with a length of 100m and a width of the ore body. The stage height is 80~100m. The column between the stope is 6m wide. The point column size is 6m6m. The center of the point column is 20m away from the center and the vertical direction is 18m. The stratified mining height is 3m and the empty top height is 4.5m (see Figure 2). Filled with graded tailings. The mine has been safely mined for nearly 20 years.
1.3 new technology for segment filling mining
The stratified stope with large exposed area is transformed into a rectangular cross-section structure, which greatly reduces the exposed area of ​​the stope, and can carry out high-efficiency filling and continuous mining without pillars under the condition that the ore body is not stable. Poongsan copper ore is divided into the height of the middle segment 10m, carry out mining operations with the filling (see FIG. 3) disposed in each segment stope. The vertical ore body orientation of the section mining site is arranged, and the stope can be arranged in a multi-segment manner in the middle section. The mining and filling operations are alternated in the stepped stop by the mining step. Rock drilling, mining and filling operations are carried out in the roadway; the upper middle and deep hole extrusion filling body is blasted, and the cementing filling is carried out immediately after the ore is formed into the goaf. The trolley is rock-drilled, the scraper is discharged and the material is filled, and the push-type scraper is filled and topped to realize the complete trackless mechanization of the mining, discharging and charging operations.
1.4 High-stage large-diameter deep-hole post-filling mining technology The combination of high-efficiency mining technology and stage post-filling technology not only exerts the advantages of filling mining method, but also achieves high efficiency and large-scale underground mining. Adopting large-hole small-resistance line blasting, small-section VCR method boring, lateral collapse of inverted ladder, water hole drainage airbag and water hole charging process, successfully applied 120m high-stage large-diameter deep hole mining technology in Anqing Copper Mine . Through the flat-bottom mining of the scraper, the remote-controlled scraper recovers the residual ore, and the integration of the high-concentration tailings cementing and filling process in the goaf, the comprehensive production capacity of the stope reaches 1039t/d, and the average production capacity during the large-scale mining period reaches At 2418t/d, the mining efficiency has reached 67.4t/work, and the main technical and economic indicators are close to the international advanced level.
2 continuous mining technology
2.1 Vibration unit continuous operation and enhanced mining technology During the Eighth Five-Year Plan period, Zhongnan University of Technology conducted a study on the continuous operation line with vibration transport train as the main body in the Fenghuangshan Copper Mine. Using the flat bottom structure of the secondary crushing level, five double-plate combined vibrating miners are installed, and the chute is located in the center of the stope. The north and south ends of the stope are composed of four and seven vibrating transport trains. Line, the central slippery mine, the large block is transported to the secondary crushing chamber through the vibrating wire screen of the slip hole, and is crushed by the YS-50 hydraulic crusher; then the vibrating ore machine is used to load the mine. The technical and economic indicators are: the comprehensive production capacity of the stope is 813t/d, the technical production capacity of the vibration output unit is 325t/h, and the ore depletion rate is 8.3%.
2.2 The continuous mining technology of the original mine frame belt conveyor as the main body During the Eighth Five-Year Plan period, the Beijing Research Institute of Mining and Metallurgy conducted a continuous mining system test based on the CJDY-1200 original mine frame belt conveyor at the Anqing Copper Mine. the study. The bottom structure includes a belt roadway, a trench rock drilling roadway, a secondary crushing roadway, a vibration outflow port and a slip mine. The main technical and economic indicators of the test stop are: the average mining capacity of the stope is 1708t/d, the comprehensive production capacity of the stope is 1061t/d, the mining loss rate is 8.5%, and the ore depletion rate is 2.6%.
2.3 Continuously large-scale mining technology without pillars During the period of the Ninth Five-Year Plan, the Fenghuangshan Copper Mine experiment used a continuous mass mining technology with no-column as the mining unit. The ore body of the test section has a dip angle of 75 or more and a width of the ore body, with an average of 14 m. The upper plate is granitic diorite , medium stable; the lower plate is limestone, which is relatively stable. The test section is divided into two working areas with different widths. The first section is 15m wide and is quickly filled with high-water tailings. A temporary mine wall with a width of 5.5 m is reserved in the interval. When the second division collapses and the mine is finished, the mine wall collapses once and is released quickly. The continuous operation system of the mining and mining vibration unit is composed of vibrating miner, sectional vibration transport train, raw ore vibrating strip screen, lower shaft loading and middle section transportation, etc., which realizes mining, ore mining, screening and treatment. Large continuous work. The test has achieved good technical and economic indicators: the continuous production capacity of the mining site is 554t/h, the actual average mining capacity is 185t/h, the comprehensive production capacity of the stope is 845t/d, and the large output rate is 5%. The mining loss rate is 9.15% and the ore depletion rate is 8.17%.
3 Solid waste filling The solid waste from metal deposits is mainly waste rock and tailings. In recent years, research and development and promotion of high-concentration full tailings filling, natural graded waste rock cementation filling and other solid waste filling processes and technologies have realized the recycling and reduction of mine waste. In the early 1990s, the high-concentration full tailings cementing filling technology was successfully tested in the Fankou lead-zinc mine. With the complete tailings dewatering process, activation preparation technology, high-concentration pumping conveying and gravity conveying technology, significant progress has been made. , accelerated its promotion and application. Tonglushan copper and iron ore using Nanjing Zn-Ag-tight cartridge Sinking dehydration new technology, the successful development of a tailing pumping paste filling techniques and structures gravity flow filling process, tailings utilization rate of 95% or more. The high-concentration filling underground pressurized conveying process and the extrusion conveying device in the equipment adopt a brand-new valveless structure, and realize the extrusion conveying by the natural indenter of the slurry, realizing the low-cost technology of the existing classified tailings filling system in China. upgrade. The natural graded waste rock cementation filling technology uses the waste rock as the filling material, and utilizes the drop condition of the goaf to improve the filling efficiency to 15~25 times of the traditional cementing filling process through the new process of filling and shunting and self-priming. Cement consumption is reduced by 50% to 70%. Further, the use of aluminum oxide red mud plant potential activity, the development of low cost, high performance cemented red mud filler material, to improve the flow properties of the filling material, the filling connection is conducive to the top.
4 deep well mining technology
4.1 Theory and Technology of Deep Mining Condition Reconstruction Reconstruction of mining conditions means to transform the original mining technical conditions and create a suitable mining environment through certain technologies and engineering. The theory and technology of high geostress unloading, steel fiber concrete support, exhaust heat ventilation research and development in Fankou lead-zinc mine have created conditions for high-efficiency mining in deep deposits.
(1) High ground stress unloading.
In the process of mining, through the local weakening technology of the stope and reasonable recovery sequence, the stress distribution state of the surrounding rock is adjusted, and the stress concentration part is transferred to the deep part. A low-stress unloading ring is formed in the near surface layer of the excavation structure, and a self-supporting ring with stress concentration is formed in the deep part of the surrounding rock. On the one hand, the self-supporting ring rock mass is in a three-direction stress state, the strength of the ore rock is increased, the possibility of rock mass destruction is reduced, and the self-supporting ability of the surrounding rock is exerted; on the other hand, most of the load and stress concentration are borne by the self-supporting ring. It provides a guarantee for the stability of the unloading rock mass. The self-supporting ring and the unloading ring complement each other and depend on each other, which can significantly improve the stability of the excavation structure, and create conditions for safe and efficient mining of large-scale stope under high stress conditions.
(2) Steel fiber concrete support technology.
Steel fiber reinforced concrete has good strength, toughness and ability to absorb deformation energy, excellent impact resistance and fatigue resistance, can retard the development of cracks in the base concrete, improve the toughness and durability after rupture, and effectively prevent high ground stress conditions in deep mining. The rock burst underneath.
(3) Exhaust heat ventilation technology in high temperature mines.
Developed high-temperature mine exhaust ventilation technology based on the principle of air and rock heat exchange, as well as intelligent optimization technology and ventilation environment analysis software for complex ventilation networks. Under the complicated high-temperature mine conditions, the technology fully utilizes the heat regulation function of the upper roadway, so that the air reaches the underground working surface with the lowest temperature. The deep well heat removal and cooling technology based on the principle of air and rock heat exchange can reduce energy consumption by 70% compared with the cooling and cooling technology.
4.2 Mine Safety and Protection Technology In recent years, remarkable achievements have been made in theoretical and technical research such as rockburst tendency evaluation, all-digital microseismic monitoring and rock mass instability prediction.
(1) Multi-factor comprehensive evaluation method for rockburst tendency. Using the closeness theory of normal fuzzy set and the indirect method of fuzzy identification, Zhang Shixiong was established. The technical progress of underground mining in metal mines in China 3 The multi-factor comprehensive evaluation model of rockburst tendency and its evaluation index system.
(2) Ground pressure microseismic monitoring and focal location. In the Fankou lead-zinc mine, the first 64-channel (now open 16-channel) all-digital microseismic monitoring system in domestic mines was established, real-time monitoring of microseismic signals, long-distance transmission and transmission of signals, real-time analysis and processing, and visualization of three-dimensional Display and other functions provide technical support for real-time monitoring and forecasting of ground pressure disasters. The study uses the combination of the Takahashi method and the simplex method to perform high-precision spatial localization of the microseismic events. The actual spatial localization error is less than 5m.
(3) Acoustic emission prediction method for rock mass instability. It is found through experiments that the damage of rock mass has two precursor characteristics of acoustic emission parameters: the number of acoustic emission events appears relatively quiet; the intensity dimension of micro-seismic events and the associated dimension of time series decrease and tend to be minimal. According to these two monitoring characteristics, it is possible to make predictions of possible rock mass instability disasters, and based on this, a dual feature prediction method for ground pressure disasters based on microseismic monitoring technology is established. Real-time extraction of precursor information of acoustic emission events that may cause destructive geostress disasters, realizing the prediction and warning of ground pressure disasters combining experience and theoretical methods.
5 complex difficult mining body mining technology
5.1 Mining Technology of Broken Difficult Mining Body The non-homogeneous ore body caving mining technology was developed for the difficult-to-mine body in the eastern part of the Fengshan Copper Mine. The partitioned bottoming process is adopted to suppress the mixing and discharging of the stone; the small-section advanced smooth blasting process, and the combined support technology of spraying, pouring, anchoring net and post-grouting are used to construct the overall bearing structure and solve the extremely broken rock formation. Roadway excavation and support problems. For the Fengshan Copper Mine, the conditions for the successful use of the ore caving method in the low grade, rock heterogeneity, complex shape and large proportion of rock inclusions have been created.
5.2 Mining Process under Complicated Conditions The Tonglushan Copper Mine left a large number of pillars and remnants after one mining. These residual pillars were affected by a mining blast and their integrity was destroyed. They were all in the ground pressure concentration zone during the pressure-bearing process. It is vulnerable to secondary damage; and the pillars are wrapped by loose fillers and the mining conditions are poor. To this end, research and development of the upper step cementation filling mining method. Working in a safer small space, the mining operation starts from the bottom layer and starts from the bottom up, and the recycling operation is carried out. In order to improve the self-supporting ability of the stope, the working face of the mining face is advanced by the ladder. At the time of mining, the advanced mining tank is first raised, and then the bottom sides of the falling tank are expanded to form an approximately arched trapezoidal section. The width of the expansion depends on the width of the pillar, and the mine walls on both sides are retained, and the full width of the pit is expanded along the pillar.
6 In-situ leaching mining process Copper ore bismuth copper ore successfully realized in-situ leaching and mining of 35,000 tons of copper oxide ore, developed a set of pore network cloth liquid, static seepage, grouting and sealing, comprehensive recovery Technology has filled the gap in China's underground leaching mining technology. The block size of the ore blasting ore is less than 196 mm. The drilling of the Wushan Copper Mine was carried out in situ leaching mining test. The test ore volume was 15,000, the average grade of t was 1.2%, and the oxidation rate was 63%. The injection hole spacing is 6~8m. After 5a system test, the production process and technical parameters suitable for in-situ drilling and leaching are explored. The successful test of this technology has enabled the use of more than 4 million tons of oxidized ore classified as off-balance sheet mines, expanding the amount of recoverable resources.
The amount of ore lost in the upper subsidence area of ​​the Shouwangfen copper mine is more than 5 million tons, plus the uncontaminated ore, corner ore and oxidized ore, with a total of 6.5 million tons of residual ore. Through the in-situ bacterial leaching test of residual ore in the subsidence area, a comprehensive process of in-situ cloth liquid, bacterial leaching, shovel liquid collection and wet method copper extraction was formed, which provided valuable experience for the recovery of residual ore in underground copper mines. Industrial test indicators are shown in Table 1.
7 Digital Mine Technology
The informationization of foreign mining enterprises has stood at the same level as other industries, realizing the scientific, visual, controllable, adjustable and high efficiency, high security and decision-making of the mine production process. China is still in the initial stage of digital mine construction.
7.1 Resource extraction environment and visualization model The resource extraction environment and visualization model are the basis of digital mine construction. At present, China has used large-scale mining engineering software to build resource exploitation environments and visualization models in several mines such as Fankou, Dongguashan and Anqing.
7.2 Mine underground/uphole integrated communication technology has developed mature communication technologies suitable for underground/uphole integrated communication systems, such as downhole/uphole integrated communication technology based on leak communication mechanism, fiber-based wired integrated communication technology, based on IEEE802.11 .b communication protocol for wireless integrated communication technology.
7.3 Production scheduling and process control technology
The production scheduling and control process is built on the integrated communication system platform to achieve tracking and positioning of personnel and equipment, and control of equipment operation status. Video surveillance systems and virtual reality systems enable production scheduling and process control of mining, which is an advanced stage in digital mine construction.
7.4 Mine comprehensive safety monitoring and early warning system
The system uses sensors to collect various data, and transmits data through the underground/uphole integrated communication platform. The main control center uses special analysis and early warning software to analyze the data and timely warning.
8 Conclusion The importance of safe and efficient deep well mining technology has become increasingly prominent, and the development of information technology will bring breakthroughs in the development of mining technology and technology. The application of digital information technology in mining process optimization, mining engineering design, production scheduling, equipment intelligence, disaster prediction and unmanned mining systems has been greatly developed. Non-waste mining technology has been incorporated into China's medium and long-term science and technology development plan. The innovation of non-waste and less waste mining technology and the engineering integration of its technology will become the main development direction of mine technology in China.
Author: Zhang Shixiong; School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430070
Qi Hongtao ; School of Resources and Environmental Engineering , Wuhan University of Technology , Wuhan, Hubei 430070 ; National Metal Mining Engineering Technology Research Center , Changsha, Hunan 410012; Changsha Institute of Mining, Changsha 410012
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