(1) Open pit mining
At present, most of the weathered and stacked manganese oxide ore is open-pit mining, and its mining volume accounts for more than 60% of the national mining volume. The main mines include Hunan Manaushan Manganese Mine; Guangxi Xiale (Shallow), Mugui, Tuhu Manganese Mine; Yunnan Jianshui, Dounan (Shallow) Manganese Mine; Fujian Liancheng Manganese Mine; Guangdong Xiaodai, Xinyu Manganese Mine, etc. The production processes of these mines are basically the same, but the equipment level is very different. The level of key mine equipment is relatively high. The following mining, loading and transportation of Leigan Mine are all mechanized. The drilling of the submerged hole is used for drilling, the diesel shovel is installed, and the car transports the ore. However, in most places, small and medium-sized mines are harvested, loaded and transported in semi-mechanized or indigenous production, and operated by hand.
(2) Open-air hydropower mining
Although open-air hydropower mining is an open-pit mining area, the difference is large. The method began in Guangxi in August 1963. Subsequently, it was promoted and applied in Guangxi, Pingle, Zhangpu Manganese Mine, Hunan Dongxiang Bridge, Banbianyue and other manganese mines. The current open-air hydropower production accounts for about 10% of the national manganese mining volume.
The basic characteristics of open-air hydropower mining are: continuous production processes such as flushing, transportation, washing and tailings discharge are completed in sequence by using head pressure and the same water flow. Therefore, it is suitable for weathered manganese deposits with sufficient water supply.
According to the 1995 China Manganese Minerals Record, Hunan Dongxiang Bridge, Banbianyue and Pingling Ertang, Zhangpu Taiping Manganese Mine or mining area have a viscous, very plastic colloidal clay layer in the lower part. It is difficult to pick up with water guns or other machinery. Black gold mine from Changsha Metallurgical Design Institute and East Xiangqiao manganese jointly test a "pre-weathered loose water blasting mining law" to be successful. After years of production practice, it has achieved good technical and economic effects. The method includes five steps: perforation, blasting, weathering, hydration and rushing. Firstly, perforation with impact drill is adopted. The hole depth is generally 1.5 to 2.5 m. The blasthole is arranged in a plum blossom shape, then the blasting is performed, and the pile is uplifted. Weathering means that after blowing for 3 to 6 days in the wind and sun, the appropriate amount of water is evenly sprayed on the explosion pile, and the ore will begin to separate. After 1 to 2 days, it can be washed.
The comparison of the loosening and unsettled production data of the Dongxiangqiao manganese ore shows that its economic and technical indicators have improved significantly (Table 3.3.10).
Open-air hydraulic mining has the advantages of simple process, high mining efficiency, good working conditions, and capital investment investment. It is suitable for mines with a certain slope and sufficient water source. The shortcomings are stripping and water washing, resulting in a large amount of tail mud, which needs to occupy a large tail mud pool, while water and electricity consumption is high, and can only be adapted to local conditions.
(3) Underground mining
At present, the mining volume of underground mining of manganese ore accounts for about 30% of the national mining volume. The underground mining mines mainly include Hunan Xiangtan, Xiangtao Park, and Gangan Mountain; Guizhou Zunyi and Songtao; Shaanxi Lijiaying; Guangxi Longtou; Liaoning Wafang and other manganese mines.
1. Deposit development method
At present, most of them are open to Pingyi and inclined wells. There are also joint developments using Pingyi and inclined wells, such as Zunyi, Wafang and Xiangtaoyuan Phase III mining areas.
2. Mining method
The mining methods currently used include the empty field method, the filling method and the caving method (Table 3.3.11).
(1) Empty field method China's underground mining of manganese mines is widely used, mainly including Zunyi, Longtou, Huayuan, Qujiashan, Lijiaying, Dounan, Heqing, Songtao and other mines. Nine of the 15 mines in the statistics use the open field method, accounting for 60%. Mines using the open field method use the comprehensive mining method, the room and pillar mining method and the mining and mining method according to the different conditions of the ore body.
(2) The caving method includes a wall caving mining method, a stratified caving mining method, and a sublevel caving mining method. The mines adopting such mining methods mainly include Xiangtan Manganese Mine Phase I Mining Area, Tuanxi and Hanyuan Manganese Mine.
(3) The filling method includes a water sand filling mining method and a wall filling mining method. The mines adopting such mining methods include manganese mines such as Xiangtan Manganese Mine Phase II Mining Area, Xiangtao Garden, Qigan Mountain and Tile House. 3. Underground mining equipment
The level of underground manganese mining equipment in China is relatively low. Generally, it is a gas-legged support and a light rock drill. The pick-up is mainly carried by trolleys, and some underground mines are powered by electric picks. The slippery vibrating and discharging has been promoted and applied, and the flat lane transportation is mostly 3~7t wired electric motor vehicles. The drilling rigs and the hanging tanks for the boring are not yet used, so the productivity of underground mining of manganese ore is low.
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