Filling the empty area can reduce the amplitude of rock and surface movement, slow down the occurrence and development of the above movement, prevent large-scale ground pressure activities, and help solve the problem of stacking of tailings and waste rock. Filling the role of processing the empty area in the tin mines of antimony ore, copper ore and HONGTOUSHAN Jiangxi tungsten ore and other different types of mines have been confirmed.
Compared with other treatment methods, the general construction investment of the filling method in the empty area is relatively large (especially hydraulic filling), the cost is high, and the process is complicated. It is mainly applied in the following situations: 1. The surface needs protection; 2. In order to control the harmful effects of rock movement on the downhole facilities or operation areas, other methods are not used for the purpose or unreasonable; 3. Although the investment in the filling facilities is large, However, due to the large amount of filling, it is also economically reasonable. The treatment empty area is mainly filled with waste rock dry filling and tailings and gravel hydraulic filling.
The advantages of the waste rock dry filling area are: the filling system and the transportation are simple, the material source is easy, and the filling cost is low. The goaf of the steeply inclined thin vein group has achieved good results in this way. The disadvantage is that the settlement rate of the filling body is large, it is difficult to be topped, and the artificial filling efficiency of the waste rock is low, and sometimes it is necessary to quarry from the surface to increase the filling cost.
Tailings, gravel packing goaf water advantages: relatively dense packing, then a top level of good, can be better controlled and the movement of roof caving layer, surface protection safety, increase ore recovery; filling tailings, but also improve The surface environment reduces the storage capacity of the tailings dam; the filling of the filling is efficient, the capacity is large, and the filling is flexible. The disadvantage is that the establishment of tailings grading, crushing and crushing, filling and conveying systems and other facilities has a large investment; the filling process technology management requirements are strict.
Empty area filling and recovery work should be coordinated. The reasonable filling and recovery cycle should be determined according to the mining sequence, the mining strength, the filling preparation time and filling speed, the rock properties, the weak surface condition of the geological structure, the allowable exposed area and time, etc., in order to improve the filling effect and the roof management effect. If the filling of the empty area lags behind the mining, the roof of the empty area will fall, the column will be deformed and destroyed, and the filling work of the empty area will be difficult, and the ground pressure of the working area will also increase sharply.
For a large number of empty areas that have already been formed, it is often difficult to fully fill at the same time. According to the current situation of mining, the distribution of empty areas, the distribution of weak surfaces of geological structures, and the filling locations and sequences should be determined according to the principle of first filling key parts. Generally, the following sections can be preferentially filled: 1. Sections protecting the surface or underground engineering facilities; 2. Sections separated from the mining area by the empty area; 3. Thick sections of the geological structure or existing ground pressure activities Section; 4, large continuous empty area, after filling, make the empty area smaller or divide the empty area.
There is a high requirement for the protection level of the local watch or the control of the rock movement. At the same time as the filling density is increased, the cement can be filled or left with some strips at the appropriate part.
Different types of empty areas, filling methods and technical requirements are also different. The empty area of ​​the ore body below the moderately thick and medium thickness is mainly filled with tailings or gravel. The filling and recovery cycle should be reasonably determined to improve the filling effect and roof management effect.
Most of the tungsten-tin-thin thin ore veins in central and southern China are mined by the method of retaining ore; when the fine veins or pulse distance is less than 3m, and the pulse group width is greater than 6m, they are mixed and harvested by the stage mining method, and some deposits are drilled to a depth of 200-300m. A few are up to 400m. In the mining method of mining, most of them do not leave a column, and some of them are recovered from the top and bottom columns. The accumulated empty area is large in volume. Many mines have collided with collapse, roadway damage and surface rock movement (Table 1). Due to the simple filling process and the process of waste rock filling, the method is flexible and the source of filling materials is easy. Most mines use waste rock to fill the empty area to control the movement range of the two gangs and the wall, and to protect the safety of the lower stage and the related facilities on the surface. Several types of waste rock filling systems used in some mines are shown in Table 2.
Table 1 Brief description of the goaf of some steeply inclined thin veins
mine | Long veins (m) | Mine vein depth (m) | Average pulse distance (m) | Mining depth (m) | Empty volume (million meters 3 ) | Mining method | Empty area and wall condition | Statistics Time (year) |
Dajishan tungsten mine | 800～1150 | 200～960 | 2.8~20 | 385 | 484.5 | Shallow hole retention method, stage mining method | Collapse wall, surface rock movement | 1979 |
Pangushan tungsten mine | 750~1350 | 500～840 | 10 | 477 | 320.96 | Shallow hole retention method | Collapse wall, surface rock movement | 1983 |
Iron Mountain ridge tungsten mine (Huangsha District) | 400～1700 | 400～690 | 216-300 | 128 | Shallow hole retention method, stage mining method | Collapse wall, surface rock movement | 1978 | |
Thrushing tungsten ore (this district) | 950 | 450～500 | 2 to 4 to 8~10 | 300～700 | 181.3 | Shallow hole retention method | Collapse wall, surface rock movement | 1983 |
Piaotang tungsten mine (Dalongshan) | 1000 | 450 | 3~5~1 | 230 | 67.2 | Shallow hole retention method | Collapse wall, surface rock movement | 1979 |
Xiaolong tungsten mine | 200~300 ~500 | 420 | 8~10 | 300 | 115 | Shallow hole retention method | Collapse wall, surface rock movement | 1979 |
Xiangdong tungsten mine | 1900 | 250 to 680 | 5~8 | 470 | 191 | Shallow hole retention method | Surface cracking and landslide | 1976 |
Shirenyu tungsten mine (stone pit) | 400~1000 | 135~440 | 250~300 | 70.9 | Shallow hole retention method | Collapse wall, surface rock movement | 1979 | |
Pinggui Coral Tin Mine (Changyingling) | 2500 | 900 | 4 to 10 to 20 | 100 | 88.3 | Shallow hole retention method | The wall collapses and the surface is displaced | 1981 |
Table 2 Several types of waste rock filling systems
Filling source | Applications | Filling evaluation | Filling system |
Open pit mine stripping waste rock | Tieshanyu tungsten mine (Huangsha Mining Area) | Easy source, good quality and low cost |  |
Hand-selected waste stone | Pangushan tungsten mine | Easy source, good quality and low cost | |
Surface accumulation of waste rock | Xiaolong tungsten mine | Limited quantity, scattered location, not easy to load | |
In order to improve the effect of waste rock filling and treatment, it is beneficial to prevent the damage of the wall. The strip column can be used to support the combination of two gangs and waste rock filling. The strip pillars are arranged according to the following principles:
1. The spacing between the pillars is 100-120m, and the boundary of the veins is 150-200m. Pay attention to the dense veins or the moving parts of the rock mass in the upper stage.
2. Adjacent veins and adjacent stages of strips should be recombined with each other perpendicular to the veins.
3. The width of the pillar is not more than 3~4m.
Some mine practices have shown that by controlling the exposed area of ​​the empty area, avoiding the continuous empty field, reasonably selecting the position of the strip column, separating the dense area of ​​the vein from the sparse area, and supporting the pressure of the upper and lower plates of the vein with the pillar and the strip column. , can maintain the normal operation of the mining operation. The filling body reduces the space for the movement of the rock mass, causes the clamping wall to slowly deform, and enhances the supporting capacity of the pillar, thereby improving the stability of the wall in a certain period of time.
The technical and economic indicators for the application of waste rock filling and filling areas in some veins in China are listed in Table 3.
Table 3 Technical and economic indicators for waste rock filling and disposal
index | Piaotang tungsten mine (Dalongshan) | Pangushan tungsten mine | Tieshanyu tungsten mine | Thrushing tungsten ore | Xiaolong tungsten mine |
Filling treatment empty area (million meters 3 ) Total filling amount (million meters 3 ) Empty area filling rate (%) Filling capacity (m 3 /d) Filling efficiency ( m3 / work class) Filling cost (yuan/ m3 ) Closed funnel, cost (yuan/piece) Empty area processing unit cost (yuan/ m3 ) | 5.46 3.25 59.5 75 7.23 | 28.4 20.03 71 220 4~5 250~300 5~6 | 38.86 17.44 44.8 250 2.9 2.7 200 1.23 | 5.79 4.05 70 30 6 | 6.83 4.46 65 50 2.6 200 6.06 |
In the mining of thick ore bodies, according to the needs and sources of filling, waste rock dry filling, gravel hydraulic filling, dewatering tailings hydraulic filling and other methods can be used. The former generally uses underground mining of waste rock and surface quarry quarrying. When the level of protection of the surface is high, the latter two methods should be adopted. Ridge gold ore, etc. SITU two ways goaf treatment applications, and effectively protect the surface of the safety shaft, the table portion 4 is open metal mine ore case of using thick goaf priming process.
Table 4: Partially thick and above ore bodies filled with filling empty areas
mine | Mine section | Mining method | Empty volume (million meters 3 ) | Filling method | Filling capacity (million meters 3 ) | Statistics Time (year) |
SKS lead zinc ore | Retaining method, etc. | 202.3 | Waste rock dry filling | 113.1 | 1982 | |
Tianbaoshan Lead-Zinc Mine | Lishankeng | Retaining method | 277.44 | Waste rock dry filling | 142.38 | 1982 |
Qingchengzi Lead-Zinc Mine | Two pits Dadongkeng | Sectional rock drilling stage mining method, retention method Sectional rock drilling stage mining method, retention method | 73.84 | Waste rock dry filling | 24.43 | 1980 |
Yangjiazhangzi Molybdenum Mine | Before the ridge | Empty field method | 264.9 | Waste rock dry filling | 141.69 | 1983 |
Jinling Iron Mine | Zhaokou | Sectional rock drilling stage mining method | 56.33 | Gravel hydraulic filling Waste rock dry filling | 27.15 21.18 | 1986 |
Jinling Iron Mine | Tieshan | Sectional rock drilling stage mining method | 10.89 | Gravel hydraulic filling | 7.79 | 1986 |
Hongtoushan Copper Mine | Red pit | Stage mining method, filling method | 304.47 | Tailings hydraulic filling | 171.56 | 1987 |
Yinmin Copper Mine | Horseshoe 2, 5 ore body | Sectional rock drilling stage mining method, retention method | 7 | Waste rock dry filling |
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