I. Time and space distribution of mineral deposits and metallogenic regularity
Most of China's rare earth deposits are symbiotic with rare elements. The deposits were formed in the long geological history from the Proterozoic to the Mesozoic, in the metallogenic belts of Xing'an-Inner Mongolia, East Qinling, Heijioliao, South China, Kangxi and so on. There are different degrees of distribution. The basic overview of the spatial and temporal distribution of rare earth deposits is:
The Precambrian is an important mineralization period for rare earth deposits. For example, the Baiyun Obo iron - stron and rare earth deposits located in the Inner Mongolia metallogenic area are a rare and special super-large rare earth deposit in the world with multi-stage superimposed mineralization. According to Yuan Zhongxin and other recent studies on the ore-forming age of the Bayan Obo deposit, the ore-forming of rare earths occurred mainly in the Mesoproterozoic, between 1400 and 1600 Ma (mineral geology, 1991. No. 1), and the ore was deposited by sedimentation. Formed by way. In the Caledonian period, accompanied by alkaline carbonate rock magma, and possibly some alkaline gabbro magma intrusion, led to the second mineralization of rare earth. In the Hercynian period, along with the intrusion of granite magma in the southern part of the mining area, the ore deposits were re-constructed and new rare earth minerals were formed in the late stage.
The rare and rare earth deposits formed in the Caledonian period are mainly distributed in several northwest-western rock belts in the north, such as the Qinling District and the Kunlun-Qilian Mountain. The type of deposit is dominated by pegmatite and the metallogenic scale is small.
In addition, phosphorus and rare earth elements are commonly found in the Cambrian-Ordovician system in southern Guangdong and Guizhou. In the mixed lithification process, rare earth elements are enriched to form a mixed rock type rare earth deposit.
In the Hercynian period, the Hercynian rock belt exists in Xing'anling-Inner Mongolia, Altai, Tianshan-Beishan, Kunlun-Qilian, East Qinling, South China, Kangxi and Heijioliao. Many rare, rare earth deposits of varying sizes.
Indosinian, currently only found in large spodumene pegmatite deposits and Altay, Xinjiang Ke Lu Mu Te spodumene in western Sichuan - albite pegmatite deposits. However, large-scale rare earth deposits have not yet been discovered.
Yanshanian period is the main metallogenic period of rare and rare earth deposits in China, especially many granite-type, gas-forming hydrothermal and hydrothermal types, pegmatite, alkaline rock and alkaline granite type, volcanic hydrothermal fluids in the South China metallogenic area. Most rare or rare earth deposits are formed in the Yanshanian period. In addition, the study of the Niulongping REE deposit in Suining, Sichuan Province is a Himalayan diagenetic ore deposit (Yuan Zhongxin et al., 1995).
Cerium group rare genetic types of changes in rare earth deposits of rare earth minerals and yttrium group combined with a certain regularity. In the magmatic deposits associated with alkaline-ultrabasic magma, the lanthanum rare earth mineral combination is mainly formed; in the ore deposit related to acidic magma, the lanthanum rare earth mineral combination is mainly formed. In the pegmatite deposit, the alkaline pegmatite deposit mainly forms the lanthanum rare earth mineral combination; the granitic pegmatite mainly forms the lanthanum rare earth mineral combination. The steroidal rare earth fluorocarbonate mineral combination is mainly formed in the hydrothermal deposit.
Second, the type of deposit
The classification of rare earth deposits in China, because rare earth elements often coexist with rare elements, so the classification of deposits is represented by rare and rare earth deposits. Such as the "Chinese deposits" (middle volume) introduced rare, rare earth deposit classification scheme. The types of deposits based on rare earths and of industrial significance are as follows:
1. Baiyun Ebo type iron-bismuth, rare earth deposit
This is a special type of super-large rare earth deposit that has been unique so far. It is famous for its large scale, abundant reserves and high rare earth grade. It has great economic value and is the largest production base of rare earth mineral raw materials in China. The classification of its genetic types has been widely debated, such as special high temperature hydrothermal theory, sedimentary metamorphism - hydrothermal metasomatism, magmatic carbonate rock theory, volcanic carbonate rock deposition theory, layer control theory, thermal brine deposition theory and composite genesis. The geological characteristics of this type of deposit will be briefly described in a typical mining area.
2. Granite type strontium and rare earth deposits
This type is a magmatic deposit related to granitoid rocks, mainly distributed in southern Anhui, northern Guangdong, and southern Hunan and eastern Guangxi, such as the Guposhan granite. Alkaline granite-type rare earth deposits are mainly distributed in the western part of western Sichuan and Inner Mongolia, such as the Balzer alkaline granite strontium and rare earth deposits in Inner Mongolia. Granite-type rare earth deposits are characterized by large reserves and stable grades. However, the grade is low and the mineral size is fine. It has not been exploited on a large scale. However, the weathering crust deposits developed on it and the alluvial sand deposits and coastal sand deposits formed are easy to be selected and have important industrial significance. In the 1950s and 1960s, monazite, xenotime or strontium in these sand mines have been mined. Rare earth and rare element mineral raw materials such as iron ore and zirconium quartz .
3. Granite pegmatite type rare earth deposit
China's granitic pegmatite is mainly rich in rare elements such as lithium, strontium and barium. It is rare to be rich in rare earth elements. Only rare earth-铌钽-lithium pegmatite deposits have been found in Jiangxi. The characteristics of this kind of deposit are high grade of rare earth, large size of mineral, easy to pick and choose, but limited in scale, suitable for local mining.
4. Rare earth fluorocarbonate hot liquid vein type deposit
This type is an independent light rare earth deposit with huge economic value and is one of the main types of rare earth ore in the world. For example, the famous Footbast large fluorocarbon strontium ore in the United States belongs to this category. At present, China's Suining Yu Niuping rare earth deposit (large) and Shandong Weishanhu Lushan rare earth deposit (medium) have been discovered. The formation of such deposits is often alkaline intrusion-related, larger, rare earth rich taste, mainly for the bastnaesite ore minerals, rich in lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium and other elements, disseminated ore large particle size, is easy to mineral stone types. These two deposits have been developed and utilized, and the economic and social benefits are considerable.
5. Antimony-containing and rare earth syenite-carbonate type deposits
This type of deposit is also one of the main types of rare earth deposits. It has the characteristics of large scale and many associated components, and it has considerable comprehensive utilization value. The main ore minerals are mainly steroidal rare earths. Monazite, bastnaesite, calcium bastnaesite ore, minerals pyrochlore niobium, iron, niobium, ferroniobium and the like rutile. On the southern slope of the eastern section of the Qinling Mountains, the large-scale strontium rare earth deposits of the Zhushan Temple in Hubei Province, which has been surveyed at the junction of Hubei and Shaanxi, have been identified as 1.125 million tons of light rare earth oxides and 925,500 tons of bismuth pentoxide.
6. Chemically deposited rare earth-containing phosphate rock deposit
In chemical deposits, no independent rare earth deposits have been found in China. Just as the rare earth element enrichment associated components in some phosphate deposits, bauxite and iron ore deposits in deposits, a comprehensive recycling value. The rare earth elements in the phosphorite are mainly in the form of isomorphism in the colloidal phosphate or microcrystalline apatite. The content of rare earth is closely related to the content of main element phosphorus. The highest content can reach 0.3%. And the rare earths of the Yi family tend to have a higher proportion. In the early 1970s, the exploration of the Xinhua Phosphorus Deposit in Zhijin County, Guizhou Province, proved that the reserves of rare earth oxides have reached the scale of large deposits, of which yttrium oxide reserves account for 1/3 of the total reserves. At present, phosphate rock has been mined and rare earth mines are to be recycled.
7. Sedimentary metamorphic strontium, rare earth, and phosphate deposits
This type is a metamorphic deposit discovered in recent years, distributed in northern Gansu and western Inner Mongolia. The deposit is produced in the Precambrian marble . Ore minerals mainly include coltan, strontium, strontium, monazite and apatite. The scale of the deposit is large, mainly based on strontium. The rare earth and phosphorus can be recycled and utilized in a comprehensive industrial sense.
8. Mixed rock type rare earth deposit
This rare earth deposit is a mixed rock or mixed lithified granite containing monazite and xenotime. Since the 1970s, mineralized areas and deposits have been discovered in Guangdong, Liaoning, and Inner Mongolia. For example, the Wuhe-containing rare earth mixed rock deposit in Guangdong, the Wengquangou mixed lithology metasomatic boron- iron rare earth deposit in Liaoning, and the granitic gneiss or mixed rock in the Wulashan-Jining area of ​​Inner Mongolia are high in content. It is possible to find a mixed rock type rare earth deposit. Such mineral ore deposits mainly monazite, xenotime, zircon allanite and the like, there are mixed rock Liaoning cerium boron silica and the like. Mixed rock type rare earth deposits are generally large in scale, especially in the weathered shell deposits and coastal sand deposits formed by mixed rock type rare earth deposits in the south have important mining value.
9. Weathering crust rare earth deposit
These deposits are widely distributed in the granite-type and mixed-rock type rare earth deposits in the Nanling and Fujian areas and in the areas where the rare earth-bearing volcanic rocks are developed. According to the occurrence state of rare earth elements, weathering crust deposits are classified into two types: single mineral type and ion adsorption type.
The rare earth elements of the single mineral weathering crust deposits mainly appear in the form of rare earth minerals, and the types of industrial minerals depend on their original rocks. Some are mainly brown ore, such as the weathered crust granite in Zhongsan County of Hunan and Guangxi, and some are mainly gypsum and monazite. Its ore-bearing parent rocks are ore-bearing granites and mixed rocks. Such mineral deposits are easy to select and have become a major source of mineral raw materials for rare earths, especially heavy rare earths.
The ion-adsorbed weathering crust rare earth deposit is a new type of rare earth deposit. Rare earth elements are adsorbed on the surface of clay minerals in an ionic state. The extraction process is simple, and the scale is large and easy to mine. It has become the main source of heavy rare earth and medium rare earth extraction in China. Such deposits have a wide distribution in the south of China, and the economic and social benefits of developing such deposits are very significant.
10. Monazite, Phosphonium Mine Alluvial Sand Mine and Seashore Sand Mine
In the Quaternary alluvial deposits in East China, Central South, and Southwestern Yunnan, monazite and phosphorous ore deposits are found. The original rock is a mineral-bearing granite and a mixed rock. The enrichment degree of the sand ore and the grade become richer with the geomorphological unit. The scale of the deposit is small, but it is easy to pick and choose. It is suitable for edge mining and exploration, and it is easy to exert economic benefits. The coastal sand mine is larger than the alluvial sand mine, and it is easy to pick and choose, and the economic value is huge. Mainly distributed in coastal areas such as Guangdong, Hainan and Taiwan. Quaternary littoral impart ore fines quartz sand, titanium minerals mainly iron, rutile, zircon, monazite, and xenotime, development can be integrated, comprehensive recycling.
Third, the typical mining area
(1) Inner Mongolia Baiyun Obo iron, antimony, rare earth ore
The Bayan Obo mining area is located in the Baiyun Obo area of ​​Baotou City, Inner Mongolia, 90km away from Guyang County. The mining area is 16km from east to west, 3km wide from north to south, and the area is about 48km 2 . It is composed of main mine, east mine, west mine and Dongjie Leger. It consists of 5 mining sections including Du Lahara. Proven reserve scale: rare earths and rare earths are rare in the world, iron ore also reaches large scale and above, and is accompanied by a variety of beneficial components, and the comprehensive utilization value is huge.
The Bayan Obo deposit has been in existence for more than 70 years from discovery to exploration and development. The iron ore mine was first discovered by Mr. Ding Daoheng in July 1927. The rare earth mine was discovered by Mr. He Zuolin in Ding Daoheng. In 1935, two rare earth minerals were first discovered, named Baiyun Mine (Fluorocarbon Mine) and Ebo Mine (Solo stone). But such an important discovery was not taken seriously at the time. It was not until the founding of New China that an unprecedented large-scale geological exploration, mining development and scientific research work was carried out on the Bayan Obo mining area.
For more than 40 years, many departments and units have conducted geological surveys here. By the end of 1992, the accumulated proven iron ore reserves were 1.459 billion tons, and the proven rare earth reserves (RE 2 O 3 ) accounted for more than 90% of the country's total reserves. The reserves of Nb 2 O 5 accounted for 70% of the country's total reserves. (According to the statistics of reserves held at the end of 1996), the mineral reserves of bismuth , titanium, potassium, fluorite , quartz sand, etc. were calculated separately, and the scale was also considerable.
The Bayan Obo mining area is located in the transition zone from the northern margin of Inner Mongolia to the Inner Mongolia Paleozoic trough. The deposit is located in the Bayan Obo area at the intersection of the wide trench and the Wulan Baolige deep fault. The mining area is mainly composed of the Mesoproterozoic Lower Baiyun Obo Group stratum, which is mainly composed of a set of quasi-reconstructed rock deposits composed of light quartzite , slate , limestone and dolomite (Fig. 3.22.1). The mining area consists of a wide-ditch anticline near the east-west direction and a Baiyun Obo syncline. The intrusive rocks in the mining area are mainly in the Hercynian granitoids, distributed in the north and south of the deposit, followed by gabbro and diorite . Dolomite is the main ore-bearing layer in the mining area. For rare earths and earthworms, dolomite is the ore body. The main ore section, the eastern ore section and the western section are not only iron ore bodies, but also associated with rare earth minerals such as rare earths and thorium, which are of industrial value; Dongsong Legler and Du Lahara are mainly 铌-rare earth sections. . The main ore body size of each mine section:
(1) Main mine section Located in the north wing of the Baiyun Obo syncline. The ore body is between the dolomite (H 8 ) and the slate (H 9 ). The ore body is consistent with the surrounding rock. Surrounding the tray is a black slate ore body becomes biotite rock alteration, the disc is a fluorite, dolomite, sodium flash petrochemicals. The iron ore body is 1250m long and 415m wide, and the control depth is 970m. Rare earth reserves account for 32.1% of the total mining area, and strontium reserves account for 21% of the total mining area.
(2) The east section is located in the east of the main section, and the two are similar. The ore body is consistent with the surrounding rock. The surrounding rock of the ore body is dolomite and slate, and the lower plate is dolomite. The iron ore body is 1200m long and the widest is 350m. It is braided, narrow in the west and wide in the east, with a maximum extension of 800m. The rare earth reserves account for 21.5% of the total mining area, and the strontium reserves account for 10.8% of the total mining area.
Average grade of main and eastern ore sections: main ore section, TFe 35.97%, RE 2 O 3 6.19%, Nb 2 O 5 0.141%; East mine section TFe 33.85%, RE 2 O 3 5.71%, Nb 2 O 5 0.126% . There are also strontium and rare earth ore bodies in the altered slate, dolomite and lower altered dolomite in the upper plate, containing Nb 2 O 5 0.051%~0.153%. RE 2 O 3 0.8% to 8.18%.
The main rare earth and rare element industrial minerals in the main and eastern ore sections are monazite, fluorocarbon strontium ore, fluorocarbon calcium strontium ore, yellow river mine, coltan, calcite, pyrochlore and so on. In addition, the rare earth grade RE 2 O 3 of the chassis outside the boundary of the main and eastern mines is 3.55%, and its reserves account for 16% of the total mining area.
(3) The west ore section is located in the west of the main mine and consists of 16 iron ore bodies of different sizes. It is distributed in the two wings of the Baiyun Obo syncline. The syncline core is the (H 9 ) slate and the two wings are (H 8 ). Dolomite, some iron ore bodies themselves are skewed. The iron ore body is 100 to 1900 m long and 10 to 170 m wide. In the ore section, there are black mica, phlogopite, sodium albino, and iron dolomitization. Rare earth and thorium mineralization are associated with each other, and mineralization is weaker than the main and eastern ore sections. The average grade of the ore section: TFe 33.57%, RE 2 O 3 0.948% to 1.072%, and Nb 2 O 5 0.064% to 0.08%. Rare earth reserves account for 8.5% of the total mining area, and strontium reserves account for 43.7% of the total mining area.
(4) Dongjie Legle Mine Section Located 1km south of the eastern section, it belongs to the south wing of Baiyun Obo, and consists of 8 small iron ore bodies and 13 antimony bodies. The strontium and rare earth are mostly distributed in dolomite, the content of RE 2 O 3 is 1% to 3.89%, and the content of Nb 2 O 5 is about 0.2%.
(5) Du Lahara 铌-Rare earth ore section Located to the east of the eastern ore section, it is connected to the dolomite in the lower part of the ore body of the eastern part of the ore section. It is 5700m long from east to west and 1060m wide from north to south, with an area of ​​6km 2 . Iron oreization in this section is not developed and no iron ore bodies are formed. The strontium and rare earth mineralization are concentrated in various altered dolomite and phlogopite diopside skarn, forming an independent ore body. There are 4 ore bodies. The main ore body is 3200m long and 230m wide. It is layered in magnetite mineralized dolomite and fluorite magnetized mineralized dolomite. The average grade of rare earth RE 2 O 3 is 3%. The average grade Nb 2 O 5 was 0.097%. The other three ore bodies are produced in the eastern contact zone. The ore body is 320-500 m long and 65-100 m wide. The main ore type is phlogopite diopside, and the average grade: rare earth (RE 2 O 3 ) is 0.3%-0.99%. And 铌(Nb 2 O 5 ) is 0.146% to 0.202%. The main ore minerals are monazite, coltan, pyrochlore and the like.
The material composition of the Bayan Obo deposit is extremely complex, and 73 elements and more than 170 minerals have been identified. Among them, there are nearly 60 kinds of minerals of strontium, rare earth, titanium, zirconium, strontium and iron, accounting for about 35% of the total. The main ore types are massive strontium rare earth iron ore, strip lanthanum rare earth iron ore, neolithic lanthanum rare earth iron ore, sodium amphibole type lanthanum rare earth iron ore, dolomite type lanthanum rare earth iron ore, black Mica type rare earth iron ore, neolithic rare earth ore, dolomite type rare earth ore and diopside type ore.
The genetic type of the Bayan Obo deposit is currently controversial. There are many types of deposits described in this section of the “mine typeâ€. In view of the complex nature of the deposit, the scale is huge, the associated components are numerous, and the economic value is large. It is also a unique and unique type from the industrial type. It is often called the “Baiyun Ebo†iron-bismuth and rare earth deposit. . Figure 3.22.1 Geology of Baiyun Obo Mining Area 1 
1. Quaternary alluvium; 2. Andesite , tuff ; 3. Slate quartzite; 4. Dolomite, limestone; 5. Siliceous limestone quartz sandstone ; 6. Light quartzite marl ; 7. Dark slate quartz sandstone; 8. Dark quartzite slate; 9. Carbonaceous slate; 10. Light quartzite slate; 11. Conglomerate, quartz sandstone; 12. Schist, gneiss; Mixed rock; 14. ore body; 15. gabbro and gabbro diorite; 16. Hercynian granite; 1 cited in "Geological Geology Handbook (below)", 1996
(II) “8001†rare rare earth mine in Zalute Banner, Inner Mongolia
The rare and rare earth mining area of ​​the “August 1st†(also known as Balzer) is located in Ulan Hada Sumu, Zalulqi Banner, Inner Mongolia. It is a rare and rare earth deposit of large alkaline granite. The reserves are: rare earth, antimony, Both é“Œ and é“ are large-scale.
The deposit was discovered by radioactive inspection in the 1975 Jilin Province Geological Bureau District Survey Team during the 1:200,000 area test. In 1976, the fourth detachment of the Eighth Geological Team of the Provincial Bureau passed the inspection of the mine site, affirming that the mine site is a large-scale rare rare earth deposit. From 1977 to 1978, the detachment of the detachment of the Provincial Bureau of Geochemical Exploration (formerly the Eighth Geological Team) conducted a census and detailed investigation. In 1981, it submitted a detailed investigation report on the rare and rare earth deposits of the 801 Zalute Banner in Inner Mongolia.
The mining area is located in the southern section of the Daxinganling uplift, where the east-west and north-east tectonic systems intersect. The deposit is produced in the inner contact zone at the top of the sodium amphibole granite body. The ore-bearing rock mass invades the core of the north-north-east anticline structure formed by the Upper Jurassic Manketou Ebo Formation. The total area of ​​the rock mass is 0.35km 2 , divided into two rock masses (Fig. 3.22.2), the east rock mass is sub bell shape, the area is 0.24km 2 , and the west rock mass is nearly circular with an area of ​​0.11km 2 . The rock mass is a supersaturated strong alkaline rock of silicic acid. The surrounding rock alterations are mainly silicification, horn lithification, sodium flash fossilization, and a small amount of phosfocation and carbonation. The rock mass has obvious zoning in both vertical and horizontal directions. The mineralization enrichment is in the surface of the rock mass with strong surface alteration. It has been found that the top of the east rock body is rich in rare earth, strontium and barium, and is a thick and large platy ore body. According to the combination of elements, it is divided into an upper ore body and a lower ore body. The upper ore body mainly contains rare earth, strontium, barium, strontium, etc. It is produced in the upper part of the east rock mass and coincides with the strongly altered sodium amphibole granite belt, reaching 110-150 m from the surface to the deep. The surface is 1090m long and 90-347m wide. The main minerals in the ore are hydroxysilicon strontium, coltan, zinc garnet, pyrochlore, monazite and zircon. The average grade of ore body, Y 2 O 3 was 0.295%, Ce 2 O 3 was 0.3%, Nb 2 O 5 was 0.258%, Ta 2 O 5 was 0.16%, BeO was 0.051%, and ZrO 2 was 3.11%. The lower ore body mainly contains strontium and strontium, and the ore body is basically consistent with the moderately altered sodium sulphide granite belt and the weakly altered sodium smectite granite belt. The ore body is 1090m long and 300-470m wide, from 206 to 245m below the upper ore body. The main minerals in the ore are hydroxysilicon germanium, coltan, pyrochlore, monazite, zircon and the like. The average grade of ore body: Y 2 O 3 is 0.076%, and Nb 2 O 5 is 0.048%.
The western rock mass is also a sodium amphibole granite. It is located in the western part of the mining area. It has a single lithology and the phase zone is not obvious. The metasomatism is weaker than that of the east rock mass. The two rock masses have been confirmed by work to be integrated into the deep part and expanded to the deep part, but the distribution of rare earths is different. The eastern rock mass is rich in lanthanum rare earth, while the western rock mass is rich in lanthanum rare earth. The type of deposit is an alkaline granite type magmatic late stage heterogeneous exchange rare and rare earth deposit. Figure 3.22.2 Geological diagram of the Balcon sodium amphibole granite in Inner Mongolia
1. Quaternary; 2. Gray-black crystallized tuff interstitial; 3. Crystalline alkaline granite ore body (r2(2-1)5); 4. Silicified, sodium-long petrochemical alkaline granite ore body (r 5 2(2-1) ); 5. Weijing granite; 6. Granite fine-grained rock; 7. Changsha porphyry; 8. Diorite porphyrite; 9. Anshan shale; 10. Fault ; 11. physicochemical belt; 12. intrusion contact boundary; 13. sodium long petrochemical; 14. silicification, horn rock; 15. mixed band; 16. intersecting boundary
(III) Sichuan Maoniuping Rare Earth Deposit
The Maoniuping rare earth deposit is located at a distance of 20km from Suining County, Sichuan Province. The mining area is about 3.5km long from north to south, 1.5km wide from east to west, and the area is about 5km 2 . It is a large rare earth deposit.
The Yu Niuping REE deposit in Suining, Sichuan Province was a large-scale light rare earth deposit discovered and evaluated by the Sichuan Geological and Mineral Bureau in 1986. In 1987, the detailed geological report of the Guangtoushan section of the Niulongping rare earth mining area in Suining County was submitted. It was found that the reserves of rare earth oxides above the 2840m elevation of No.1 ore body were 81.65 million tons, of which the industrial reserves were 55,500 tons, which were used for the refinery of Jinglan County. Company development. In 1990, the “Geological Survey Report of the Niuyuping Mine Section of the Niulongping Rare Earth Mining Area in Suining County†was submitted. The estimated rare earth oxide resources amounted to about 2 million tons, of which the industrial reserves were 78,600 tons (the history of Chinese deposits, Sichuan Volume, Geological Publishing). Society, 1996).
The Maoniuping REE deposit is located in the northern part of the Panxi rift zone on the western margin of the Yangtze platform in the geotectonics. It is located in the Suining complex granite base and the middle of the Haha fault. The deposit is located at the southern edge of the middle section of the Yanxi rock mass. The distribution of magmatic rocks in the mining area (Fig. 3.22.3) includes alkali feldspar granite, alkali syenite, rhyolite, alkaline granite porphyry and Yunhuangyan. The alkali-long granite in the mining area is part of the Suining alkali long granite base and is the most widely distributed intrusive rock in the mining area; the alkali syenite is both a pegmatite-like fluorocarbon antimony-neonite-fluorite- barite ore vein. The surrounding rock of the body itself often constitutes a fine vein-disseminated rare earth ore of fluorocarbon strontium ore; the rhyolite is distributed in the eastern part of the mining area, in direct contact with the alkali feldspar and the alkali syenite, seeing the weak rare earth mineralization; The granite porphyry is found in the diatoms of the diatoms, and the Yunhuang rocks are only found in the alkali-long granites and rhyolites. The diagenesis and ore-forming age According to Yuan Zhongxin et al. (1995), the isotope geochronology study of the deposit indicates that the Niu Niuping deposit was formed in the Himalayan period (the zircon U-Pb isotope dating of the basal syenite closely related to mineralization is 12.2. ~40.3Ma) is the youngest endogenous rare earth deposit known to date in China.
The Haha fault in the western Yunnan region is a north-south trending and continuous mining area, which controls the output of the ore-bearing complex and the distribution of the ore belt. The secondary faults and joints directly control the output of the ore body. The ore belt is north-south, 2600m long and consists of complex veins and vein-like rare earth veins. After exploration, 64 ore bodies have been initially identified. The ore body is generally 200-700 m long and the longest is more than 1000 m; the thickness is generally about 5 to 30 m, the thickest part is 100.57 m; the length of the slope is 10 m to 400 m, and the average rare earth oxide is 1.07% to 5.77%.
The ore type is classified into fluorocarbon strontium ore, sillimanite-fluorocarbon sulphide or fluorocarbon strontium sulphide-fluorocarbon sulphide ore according to the type of rare earth minerals. The main use for industrial use is the fluorocarbon gangue type ore. The deposit type is a medium-low temperature hydrothermal rare earth deposit (Yuan Zhongxin et al., 1995).
(4) Jiangxi 701 heavy rare earth mine
The mining area is located in the south of Jiangxi Province. In the process of carrying out the 1:50,000-acre general exploration process, the Quaternary of the Geological Brigade of the Geological Bureau of Jiangxi Province discovered and conducted exploration in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Because the state of occurrence of rare earth in the deposit was solved in 1971, and the industrial value of the deposit was initially confirmed, the mining area was named "Seventh Mine". Exploration began in October 1972 and ended in December 1973, and an exploration report was prepared. After review by the Jiangxi Provincial Mineral Reserve Committee, the nuclear heavy-earth oxide reserves reached a large scale (Chinese mine discovery history, Jiangxi Vol., Geological Publishing House, 1996).
The 701 heavy rare earth ore is a type of deposit. The ore-forming parent rock is granite, and the rock mass is approximately elliptical. It consists of medium-grained muscovite-feldspar-alkaline feldspar granite and medium-grained biotite potassium feldspar granite. The uranium - lead isotopic age of the rock mass is 124 Ma, which is a late Yanshanian product. The rock mass contains high abundance of rare earth, and the main rare earth minerals are fluorocarbon calcium strontium ore, xenotime, monazite, in addition to arsenic antimony ore, fluorocarbon calcium antimony ore. Most of the leaching ore bodies are exposed on the surface, and only a few sections are covered by residual slopes. It varies with the intensity of erosion and erosion, and has the general rule that the top of the mountain and the ridge are thick, the mountainside is second, and the foot of the mountain is thin. The thickness of the ore body in the exploration area is generally 9.70 to 10.2 m, and the maximum thickness is 29 m. The mineralization is continuous and uniform, and the grade of rare earth oxide is nearly three times higher than that of the original rock. The distribution of rare earths is dominated by heavy rare earths. The ore has good performance in metallurgy. The mining area is located in the low hills and the ore bodies are bare, all above the local erosion reference surface, and have excellent exposure conditions.
The 701 heavy rare earth deposit has been proved to be a large reserve with easy reserves and easy selection. It is a rare new type of deposit in the world. Its discovery and exploration are of great significance. It not only opens up a new situation in Jiangxi's exploration and development of rare earth mineral resources, but also provides experience for the exploration and development of rare earth mineral resources in various southern provinces and regions. The deposit has been mined and the economic and social benefits are very impressive. In recent years, the mixed rare earth oxides have been separated to produce high-purity cerium oxide products, which further improve the economic benefits.
(5) Guangxi Baima Phosphorus Mine
The Baima Phosphorus Mine is located 10km northeast of Luchuan County, Guangxi Province, with a mining area of ​​more than 60km 2 . Phosphorus and monazite have reached the scale of large sand mines.
In the geological exploration work of sand mines in this area, the 273 Geological Team of Guangxi Metallurgical Geological Exploration Company completed the general survey of Baima weathering crust mine, Huangfengdong weathering crust mine and Baima gully sand mine from 1959 to 1961. Then select the Baima and Huangnidong mining area for exploration. In 1962, the “Reservoir Report of Baima Phosphorus Ore Mine in Luchuan, Guangxi†was submitted, and 7492t of Phosphorus Ore, 10,069t of Monazite, 10994t of Zirconium and Quartz, Phosphorus and Monazite were found. Achieve the scale of large-scale sand mines (history of discovery of Chinese deposits, Guangxi Volume, Geological Publishing House, 1996).
The mining area is located at the southwestern end of the Huaxiatai anticline, and the Luyuan Guyu and Devonian strata are exposed. The magmatic activity is strong, the granite body is widely distributed, and the weathering crust is relatively developed. Industrial minerals such as xenotime, monazite and zirconium quartz form various types of rare metal sand deposits such as residual slope, weathering crust and river valley accumulation in the Quaternary loose debris accumulation layer. The deposit consists of the granite weathering crust type sand deposit and the Baima River valley alluvial sand deposit in Baima District and Huangmaindong Area. The hydrogeological conditions are simple and easy to pick and choose. Luchuan County once set up a small mine to mine in the slack season.
(6) Yunnan to the solitary sandstone mine
Located in the north of the city of Menghai County in Yunnan Province, the Suiju Stone Mine is 82km away from the county seat and is a large-scale monazite deposit with considerable zirconium quartz and ilmenite.
In 1959, according to the country's demand for rare earth minerals, the Kunming Nonferrous Metallurgical Geological Exploration Company selected the inter-mountain basins in the southern section of the large granite body of the Minjiang Uplift. The heavy sand measurement of rivers in some basins in the Bohai and Jinghong counties shows that the Quaternary deposits in the basin contain more minerals, including minerals such as monazite, xenotime and zirconium. Indicators have further work value. Therefore, it was selected to go to the basin for detailed investigation. In the early 1960s, the detailed investigation report and preliminary survey design were submitted and transferred to exploration. The proven reserves of the monazite industry are 16,988 tons, the associated zirconium quartz reserves are 19966t, and the ilmenite reserves are 138,836 tons (Chinese mineral deposit discovery history, Yunnan volume, Geological Publishing House, 1996).
The Yanchang Basin is located on the east side of the Linyi-Bohai granite base and is a mountain basin. It is 8.5km long from north to south, 2.2km wide from east to west, 7km 2 in area, and 6km 2 in ore body. The richer and larger ore bodies are produced in the alluvial layers of the ancient riverbed, and those born in the slope residual layer are smaller and poorer.
A total of 12 ore bodies are circled in the whole mining area, including one main ore body, which is richer and has a distribution area of ​​3.6 million m 2 . The thickness is 2-20m; the remaining 11 ore bodies are mostly lean ore, and the scale is small, with an area of ​​440,000 m 2 and a thickness of 2 to 10 m. The useful minerals in sand ore are monazite, zirconium quartz and ilmenite, followed by a small amount of xenotime and rutile. These minerals are higher in the alluvial layer than in the residual layer and are enriched in the middle of the basin. The gravel layer contains minerals. The monazite grade is generally 550 to 750 g/m 3 , and the zirconium quartz is generally 200 to 500 g/m 3 . The average content of ilmenite is 5052g/m 3 .
The deposit was discovered and explored in the early 1960s and has development value for development.
(7) Sichuan Dashuigou Antimony Mine
Dashuigou tellurium deposit is located asbestos Dashuigou County, Sichuan Province, is the first independent tellurium deposits in China in recent years, new discoveries. In 1991 the local found tetradymite pyrite in the mining process. After the exploration of the Sichuan Nonferrous Metals Co., Ltd. in 1992-1993, it was confirmed as an independent antimony deposit. The Sichuan Provincial Bureau of Geology and Minerals conducted a general survey and initially controlled more than 200 tons of plutonium reserves. Sichuan Nonferrous Metals Co., Ltd. established a small separation workshop in Chengdu City while exploring the edge. At the beginning of 1993, the product was in the experimental stage, and the purity of the ingot was 99.99%.
In order to gain an in-depth understanding of this first case of independent antimony deposits, the Sichuan Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources and the Chengdu Institute of Technology began research on ore material components in 1992. From 1993 to 1995, the Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, the Institute of Mineral Geology, the Sichuan Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, the Sichuan Nonferrous Metals Corporation and the Chengdu Institute of Technology conducted a systematic study on the deposit and its periphery, and published the Sichuan Dashuigou. Monograph of Geology and Geochemistry of the 碲 (Gold) Deposit.
The geotectonic location of the Dashuigou antimony deposit belongs to the middle section of the Yangzi quasi-station and the Songpan-Ganzi geosyncline junction, the Longmenshan-Da Xueshan-Jinpingshan nappe structure. The deposit is located in the Dashuigou (Xiyoufang-Shangshapo) structural rock fragment, which is sandwiched by the grassy fault and the Moxi fault and is a rhomboid block with a long axis running north-north east (Fig. 3.22.4). The diamond block is a small dome composed of a middle and lower Triassic. The deposit is the main ore-forming rock, and only the Triassic marble and the basalt are exposed in the mining area.
The 13 veins discovered in the mining area are all produced in the metamorphic basalt layer and filled in the NE-trending tectonic fracture. When the vein extends to the interface between the volcanic rock and the marble, it is immediately extinguished. The Panxi Geological Team also found strontium mineralization with marble as the surrounding rock on the periphery of the mining area, but no industrial ore bodies were found.
The 碲 veins are arranged in a parallel arrangement, 5° to 30° to the northeast, 275° to 300° to the northwest, and 40° to 65° to the dip. On the side of the main vein, there are often secondary veins with a “human†shape. The thickness is 10 to 70 cm.
The ore structure is divided into crystal structure, metasomatic structure, solid solution separation structure and other microstructures according to the cause. Ore structure, mineralization is mainly hydrothermal filling, common block structure, network vein structure, disseminated structure and breccia structure. The main ore minerals include stibnite, Chuyu, pyrrhotite and pyrite. The main types of ore are pyrite - pyrrhotite minerals (sulfur and copper ore) and tetradymite ore (ore tellurium). The former is mainly based on sulfur and copper, and is associated with strontium, gold, silver , zinc, etc., and can be comprehensively recovered. The latter (huisui ore) is the main ore of the sorghum and sorghum in the Dashuigou mining area. Its grade: Te 0.2%~10%, rich ore 15%~25%, up to 34.58%; Bi 3%~10 %, rich ore 20% ~ 32%, up to 57.2%. In the massive ore, Au, Ag, Se and Cu are rich ore, and their contents are 39.63g/t, 204.3g/t, 105×10 -6 and 3.87%, respectively.
Both sides of the vein wall rock alteration are well developed, carbonates, silicification, biotitization, of muscovite, of hematite, chlorite, epidotization, sodium - Austria quartz and tourmaline of feldspathization .
In recent years, Chen Xiaochuan and other researches on the Dashuigou antimony deposit have been considered as a shallow hydrothermal deposit. Figure 3.2.4 Geological sketch of the Dashuigou antimony deposit area
1 According to Luo Yaonan et al., 1994, modified
(8) Hubei Shuanghe Selenium Mine
Shuanghe Selenium Mine is located 73km southeast of Enshi City, Hubei Province. It is a large-scale independent selenium deposit surveyed by the Second Geological Brigade of Hubei Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources (formerly the 11th Geological Team). In 1988, the “Report on the Selenium Mine of Shuanghe Fishing Pond in Enshi, Hubei Province†was submitted. In 1990, the “Geological Report on the Shuanghe Selenium Mine in Enshi, Hubei Province and its Peripheral Survey†was submitted. The discovery and exploration of the deposit not only filled the blank of independent selenium deposits in Hubei Province and even the whole country, but also made important contributions to the development and utilization of selenium resources. At present, it has been well applied in the fields of food, beverage, medical care, agriculture, etc., and has turned resources into commodities. It has become an important industry for getting rid of poverty and getting rich in Enshi, and the social and economic benefits are very significant.
The deposit is in the middle of the northwest wing of the Shuanghe Xiangshi. The mining area is 6km long, 1.5km wide and 9km 2 in area. The selenium deposit is located in the upper carbon-bearing siliceous rock section of the Lower Permian Maokou Formation, with a thickness of 14-20 m, and is divided into three ore-bearing strata from bottom to top. The lower ore-bearing layer consists of carbonaceous siliceous rocks and siliceous carbonaceous shale , with a thickness of 2.26 to 5.90 m, selenium containing 0.0015% to 0.54%, molybdenum 0.061% to 0.037%, and V 2 O 5 0.06% to 0.79%; The ore-bearing layer is a carbonaceous mudstone with a small amount of siliceous rock, with a thickness of 2.46 to 4.56 m and a selenium content of 0.001% to 0.029%.
The ore body is mainly distributed along the interface of the middle and lower ore-bearing layers. There are 5 selenium ore bodies and 3 molybdenum- vanadium selenium ore bodies. The selenium ore body has a length of 25 to 140 m, a tendency to extend 14 to 35 m, a thickness of 0.59 to 2.64 m, and an average selenium content of 0.088% to 0.199%. Selenium, molybdenum, vanadium ore body length 80 ~ 330m, tends to extend 40 ~ 120m, a thickness of 1.28 ~ 2.05m, molybdenum 0.44% ~ 0.053%, V 2 O 5 0.41% ~ 0.49%, 0.015% ~ 0.028% selenium.
The ore has a cryptocrystalline structure and a massive structure. 65.84% of the selenium in the ore is adsorbed in the carbonaceous state, and 33.90% of the selenium is in the same form as the pyrite. The deposit type is a sedimentary selenium deposit. The ore is oxidized and roasted, and the industrial selenium is extracted from the selenium-enriched soot collected from the flue sedimentation chamber, and the average recovery rate is 65%, and the process flow is simple.
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