Leaching of nickel, cobalt hydrometallurgical the first step of the valuable metal elements in the material into solution by separation and purification, and ultimately finished product; leaching is the separation means, and facilitate leached from the immersion Extract the target elements separately. There are three main types of industrial leaching processes for nickel-cobalt containing materials:
1. Atmospheric pressure acid leaching (sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid);
Second, pressurized oxygen leaching or acid leaching;
Third, ammonia leaching.
Both the oxide material and the sulfurized material can be treated by an acid leaching process. The leaching of hydrochloric acid without oxidizing agent has been applied to high nickel bismuth in Norway and Canada. The leaching rate of nickel can be as high as 98% or more. Copper and precious metals remain in the leaching residue, and the separation effect is good. However, simple acid leaching of sulfide minerals will produce hydrogen sulfide, which has a strong corrosive effect on metal materials, and is difficult to implement in industry. Therefore, the acid leaching of a sulfide mineral by a certain amount of copper ions or iron ions can significantly accelerate the leaching process. The choice of sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid medium has a great influence on the leaching process, especially the choice of the material structure of the leaching reactor. At the same time, the difference in the medium also affects the separation and purification process of the liquid, as well as the final product. Readers will appreciate this in the following discussion of different industrial production practices.
The main purpose of the pressure leaching is to increase the reaction temperature, thereby increasing the leaching speed, shortening the leaching period, and increasing the leaching rate, so that the reaction process which is difficult to carry out under normal pressure can be efficiently carried out. In an aerobic-assisted leaching reaction, pressure leaching has a dual effect on increasing the reaction rate. However, due to the fact that pressure leaching is significantly higher than atmospheric leaching in equipment investment and daily maintenance costs, which process is more appropriate, requires technical and economic analysis and demonstration.
Ammonia leaching can be directly used for nickel-cobalt sulfide minerals. When used to oxidize minerals, it is first subjected to reduction roasting to make nickel-cobalt in a metallic state. The ammonia leaching of nickel-cobalt sulfide ore is mostly carried out under oxygen pressure. The sulfides of nickel, cobalt and copper are oxidized and dissolved, the metal enters the solution as an ammine ion, the sulfur forms sulfuric acid, and the iron forms oxide into the leaching residue.
The main leaching processes for industrially applied nickel-containing materials include:
1. High-nickel bismuth sulfate leaching;
2. High-nickel hydrazine hydrochloric acid leaching;
3. Chlorine leaching of high nickel bismuth;
4, nickel oxime pressure ammonia leaching;
5. Ammonia leaching of red earth ore reduction roasting material;
6. High-pressure acid leaching of laterite ore.
These processes will be discussed separately in later sections. Some researchers believe that direct leaching process of sulfide ore is the main direction of research and development, especially refined certain fire method is not suitable for containing arsenic or high magnesium ore. These new leaching processes include nitric acid catalyzed pressure leaching, bioleaching, Fe 3 + , or Cu 2 + catalyzed oxygen or chlorine atmospheric leaching, pressurized oxidative leaching, and the like.
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